Description:
aiorun 2024.8.1
Table of Contents
đ aiorun
đ¤ Why?
đĽď¸ What about TCP server startup?
đ Error Handling
đ¨ Do you like uvloop?
đĄď¸ Smart shield for shutdown
đ Windows Support
đ aiorun
Hereâs the big idea (how you use it):
import asyncio
from aiorun import run
async def main():
# Put your application code here
await asyncio.sleep(1.0)
if __name__ == '__main__':
run(main())
This package provides a run() function as the starting point
of your asyncio-based application. The run() function will
run forever. If you want to shut down when main() completes, just
call loop.stop() inside it: that will initiate shutdown.
Warning
Note that aiorun.run(coro) will run forever, unlike the standard
libraryâs asyncio.run() helper. You can call aiorun.run()
without a coroutine parameter, and it will still run forever.
This is surprising to many people, because they sometimes expect that
unhandled exceptions should abort the program, with an exception and
a traceback. If you want this behaviour, please see the section on
error handling further down.
Warning
Note that aiorun.run(coro) will create a new event loop instance
every time it is invoked (same as asyncio.run). This might cause
confusing errors if your code interacts with the default event loop
instance provided by the stdlib asyncio library. For such situations
you can provide the actual loop youâre using with
aiorun.run(coro, loop=loop). There is more info about this further down.
However, generally speaking, configuring your own loop and providing
it in this way is a code smell. You will find it much easier to
reason about your code if you do all your task creation inside
an async context, such as within an async def function, because then
there will no ambiguity about which event loop is in play: it will
always be the one returned by asyncio.get_running_loop().
đ¤ Why?
The run() function will handle everything that normally needs
to be done during the shutdown sequence of the application. All you
need to do is write your coroutines and run them.
So what the heck does run() do exactly?? It does these standard,
idiomatic actions for asyncio apps:
creates a Task for the given coroutine (schedules it on the
event loop),
calls loop.run_forever(),
adds default (and smart) signal handlers for both SIGINT
and SIGTERM that will stop the loop;
and when the loop stops (either by signal or called directly), then it willâŚ
âŚgather all outstanding tasks,
cancel them using task.cancel(),
resume running the loop until all those tasks are done,
wait for the executor to complete shutdown, and
finally close the loop.
All of this stuff is boilerplate that you will never have to write
again. So, if you use aiorun this is what you need to remember:
Spawn all your work from a single, starting coroutine
When a shutdown signal is received, all currently-pending tasks
will have CancelledError raised internally. Itâs up to you whether
you want to handle this inside each coroutine with
a try/except or not.
If you want to protect coros from cancellation, see shutdown_waits_for()
further down.
Try to have executor jobs be shortish, since the shutdown process will wait
for them to finish. If you need a long-running thread or process tasks, use
a dedicated thread/subprocess and set daemon=True instead.
Thereâs not much else to know for general use. aiorun has a few special
tools that you might need in unusual circumstances. These are discussed
next.
đĽď¸ What about TCP server startup?
You will see in many examples online that for servers, startup happens in
several run_until_complete() phases before the primary run_forever()
which is the âmainâ running part of the program. How do we handle that with
aiorun?
Letâs recreate the echo client & server
examples from the Standard Library documentation:
Client:
# echo_client.py
import asyncio
from aiorun import run
async def tcp_echo_client(message):
# Same as original!
reader, writer = await asyncio.open_connection('127.0.0.1', 8888)
print('Send: %r' % message)
writer.write(message.encode())
data = await reader.read(100)
print('Received: %r' % data.decode())
print('Close the socket')
writer.close()
asyncio.get_event_loop().stop() # Exit after one msg like original
message = 'Hello World!'
run(tcp_echo_client(message))
Server:
import asyncio
from aiorun import run
async def handle_echo(reader, writer):
# Same as original!
data = await reader.read(100)
message = data.decode()
addr = writer.get_extra_info('peername')
print("Received %r from %r" % (message, addr))
print("Send: %r" % message)
writer.write(data)
await writer.drain()
print("Close the client socket")
writer.close()
async def main():
server = await asyncio.start_server(handle_echo, '127.0.0.1', 8888)
print('Serving on {}'.format(server.sockets[0].getsockname()))
async with server:
await server.serve_forever()
run(main())
It works the same as the original examples, except you see this
when you hit CTRL-C on the server instance:
$ python echo_server.py
Running forever.
Serving on ('127.0.0.1', 8888)
Received 'Hello World!' from ('127.0.0.1', 57198)
Send: 'Hello World!'
Close the client socket
^CStopping the loop
Entering shutdown phase.
Cancelling pending tasks.
Cancelling task: <Task pending coro=[...snip...]>
Running pending tasks till complete
Waiting for executor shutdown.
Leaving. Bye!
Task gathering, cancellation, and executor shutdown all happen
automatically.
đ Error Handling
Unlike the standard libraryâs asyncio.run() method, aiorun.run
will run forever, and does not stop on unhandled exceptions. This is partly
because we predate the standard library method, during the time in which
run_forever() was actually the recommended API for servers, and partly
because it can make sense for long-lived servers to be resilient to
unhandled exceptions. For example, if 99% of your API works fine, but the
one new endpoint you just added has a bug: do you really want that one new
endpoint to crash-loop your deployed service?
Nevertheless, not all usages of aiorun are long-lived servers, so some
users would prefer that aiorun.run() crash on an unhandled exception,
just like any normal Python program. For this, we have an extra parameter
that enables it:
# stop_demo.py
from aiorun import run
async def main():
raise Exception('ouch')
if __name__ == '__main__':
run(main(), stop_on_unhandled_errors=True)
This produces the following output:
$ python stop_demo.py
Unhandled exception; stopping loop.
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "/opt/project/examples/stop_unhandled.py", line 9, in <module>
run(main(), stop_on_unhandled_errors=True)
File "/opt/project/aiorun.py", line 294, in run
raise pending_exception_to_raise
File "/opt/project/aiorun.py", line 206, in new_coro
await coro
File "/opt/project/examples/stop_unhandled.py", line 5, in main
raise Exception("ouch")
Exception: ouch
Error handling scenarios can get very complex, and I suggest that you
try to keep your error handling as simple as possible. Nevertheless, sometimes
people have special needs that require some complexity, so letâs look at a
few scenarios where error-handling considerations can be more challenging.
aiorun.run() can also be started without an initial coroutine, in which
case any other created tasks still run as normal; in this case exceptions
still abort the program if the parameter is supplied:
import asyncio
from aiorun import run
async def job():
raise Exception("ouch")
if __name__ == "__main__":
loop = asyncio.new_event_loop()
asyncio.set_event_loop(loop)
loop.create_task(job())
run(loop=loop, stop_on_unhandled_errors=True)
The output is the same as the previous program. In this second example,
we made a our own loop instance and passed that to run(). It is also possible
to configure your exception handler on the loop, but if you do this the
stop_on_unhandled_errors parameter is no longer allowed:
import asyncio
from aiorun import run
async def job():
raise Exception("ouch")
if __name__ == "__main__":
loop = asyncio.new_event_loop()
asyncio.set_event_loop(loop)
loop.create_task(job())
loop.set_exception_handler(lambda loop, context: "Error")
run(loop=loop, stop_on_unhandled_errors=True)
But this is not allowed:
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "/opt/project/examples/stop_unhandled_illegal.py", line 15, in <module>
run(loop=loop, stop_on_unhandled_errors=True)
File "/opt/project/aiorun.py", line 171, in run
raise Exception(
Exception: If you provide a loop instance, and you've configured a
custom exception handler on it, then the 'stop_on_unhandled_errors'
parameter is unavailable (all exceptions will be handled).
/usr/local/lib/python3.8/asyncio/base_events.py:633:
RuntimeWarning: coroutine 'job' was never awaited
Remember that the parameter stop_on_unhandled_errors is just a convenience. If youâre
going to go to the trouble of making your own loop instance anyway, you can
stop the loop yourself inside your own exception handler just fine, and
then you no longer need to set stop_on_unhandled_errors:
# custom_stop.py
import asyncio
from aiorun import run
async def job():
raise Exception("ouch")
async def other_job():
try:
await asyncio.sleep(10)
except asyncio.CancelledError:
print("other_job was cancelled!")
if __name__ == "__main__":
loop = asyncio.new_event_loop()
asyncio.set_event_loop(loop)
loop.create_task(job())
loop.create_task(other_job())
def handler(loop, context):
# https://docs.python.org/3/library/asyncio-eventloop.html#asyncio.loop.call_exception_handler
print(f'Stopping loop due to error: {context["exception"]} ')
loop.stop()
loop.set_exception_handler(handler=handler)
run(loop=loop)
In this example, we schedule two jobs on the loop. One of them raises an
exception, and you can see in the output that the other job was still
cancelled during shutdown as expected (which is what you expect aiorun
to do!):
$ python custom_stop.py
Stopping loop due to error: ouch
other_job was cancelled!
Note however that in this situation the exception is being handled by
your custom exception handler, and does not bubble up out of the run()
like you saw in earlier examples. If you want to do something with that
exception, like reraise it or something, you need to capture it inside your
custom exception handler and then do something with it, like add it to a list
that you check after run() completes, and then reraise there or something
similar.
đ¨ Do you like uvloop?
import asyncio
from aiorun import run
async def main():
<snip>
if __name__ == '__main__':
run(main(), use_uvloop=True)
Note that you have to pip install uvloop yourself.
đĄď¸ Smart shield for shutdown
Itâs unusual, but sometimes youâre going to want a coroutine to not get
interrupted by cancellation during the shutdown sequence. Youâll look in
the official docs and find asyncio.shield().
Unfortunately, shield() doesnât work in shutdown scenarios because
the protection offered by shield() only applies if the specific coroutine
inside which the shield() is used, gets cancelled directly.
Let me explain: if you do a conventional shutdown sequence (like aiorun
is doing internally), this is the sequence of steps:
tasks = all_tasks(), followed by
[t.cancel() for t in tasks], and then
run_until_complete(gather(*tasks))
The way shield() works internally is it creates a secret, inner
taskâwhich also gets included in the all_tasks() call above! Thus
it also receives a cancellation exception just like everything else.
Therefore, we have an alternative version of shield() that works better for
us: shutdown_waits_for(). If youâve got a coroutine that must not be
cancelled during the shutdown sequence, just wrap it in
shutdown_waits_for()!
Hereâs an example:
import asyncio
from aiorun import run, shutdown_waits_for
async def corofn():
for i in range(10):
print(i)
await asyncio.sleep(1)
print('done!')
async def main():
try:
await shutdown_waits_for(corofn())
except asyncio.CancelledError:
print('oh noes!')
run(main())
If you hit CTRL-C before 10 seconds has passed, you will see
oh noes! printed immediately, and then after 10 seconds (since start),
done! is printed, and thereafter the program exits.
Output:
$ python testshield.py
0
1
2
3
4
^CStopping the loop
oh noes!
5
6
7
8
9
done!
Behind the scenes, all_tasks() would have been cancelled by CTRL-C,
except ones wrapped in shutdown_waits_for() calls. In this respect, it
is loosely similar to asyncio.shield(), but with special applicability
to our shutdown scenario in aiorun().
Be careful with this: the coroutine should still finish up at some point.
The main use case for this is short-lived tasks that you donât want to
write explicit cancellation handling.
Oh, and you can use shutdown_waits_for() as if it were asyncio.shield()
too. For that use-case it works the same. If youâre using aiorun, there
is no reason to use shield().
đ Windows Support
aiorun also supports Windows! Kinda. Sorta. The root problem with Windows,
for a thing like aiorun is that Windows doesnât support signal handling
the way Linux or Mac OS X does. Like, at all.
For Linux, aiorun does âthe right thingâ out of the box for the
SIGINT and SIGTERM signals; i.e., it will catch them and initiate
a safe shutdown process as described earlier. However, on Windows, these
signals donât work.
There are two signals that work on Windows: the CTRL-C signal (happens
when you press, unsurprisingly, CTRL-C, and the CTRL-BREAK signal
which happens when youâŚwell, you get the picture.
The good news is that, for aiorun, both of these will work. Yay! The bad
news is that for them to work, you have to run your code in a Console
window. Boo!
Fortunately, it turns out that you can run an asyncio-based process not
attached to a Console window, e.g. as a service or a subprocess, and have
it also receive a signal to safely shut down in a controlled way. It turns
out that it is possible to send a CTRL-BREAK signal to another process,
with no console window involved, but only as long as that process was created
in a particular way andâhere is the dropâthis targetted process is a
child process of the one sending the signal. Yeah, I know, itâs a downer.
There is an example of how to do this in the tests:
import subprocess as sp
proc = sp.Popen(
['python', 'app.py'],
stdout=sp.PIPE,
stderr=sp.STDOUT,
creationflags=sp.CREATE_NEW_PROCESS_GROUP
)
print(proc.pid)
Notice how we print out the process id (pid). Then you can send that
process the signal from a completely different process, once you know
the pid:
import os, signal
os.kill(pid, signal.CTRL_BREAK_EVENT)
(Remember, os.kill() doesnât actually kill, it only sends a signal)
aiorun supports this use-case above, although Iâll be pretty surprised
if anyone actually uses it to manage microservices (does anyone do this?)
So to summarize: aiorun will do a controlled shutdown if either
CTRL-C or CTRL-BREAK is entered via keyboard in a Console window
with a running instance, or if the CTRL-BREAK signal is sent to
a subprocess that was created with the CREATE_NEW_PROCESS_GROUP
flag set. Here is a much more
detailed explanation of these issues.
Finally, uvloop is not yet supported on Windows so that wonât work
either.
At the very least, aiorun will, well, run on Windows ÂŻ\_(ă)_/ÂŻ
License
For personal and professional use. You cannot resell or redistribute these repositories in their original state.
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