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Description:

intelelm 1.1.1

IntelELM (Intelligent Metaheuristic-based Extreme Learning Machine) is a Python library that implements a framework
for training Extreme Learning Machine (ELM) networks using Metaheuristic Algorithms. It provides a comparable
alternative to the traditional ELM network and is compatible with the Scikit-Learn library. With IntelELM, you can
perform searches and hyperparameter tuning using the functionalities provided by the Scikit-Learn library.

Free software: GNU General Public License (GPL) V3 license
Provided Estimator: ElmRegressor, ElmClassifier, MhaElmRegressor, MhaElmClassifier
Total Optimization-based ELM Regression: > 200 Models
Total Optimization-based ELM Classification: > 200 Models
Supported datasets: 54 (47 classifications and 7 regressions)
Supported performance metrics: >= 67 (47 regressions and 20 classifications)
Supported objective functions (as fitness functions or loss functions): >= 67 (47 regressions and 20 classifications)
Documentation: https://intelelm.readthedocs.io/en/latest/
Python versions: >= 3.7.x
Dependencies: numpy, scipy, scikit-learn, pandas, mealpy, permetrics

Citation Request
If you want to understand how Metaheuristic is applied to Extreme Learning Machine, you need to read the paper
titled "A new workload prediction model using extreme learning machine and enhanced tug of war optimization".
The paper can be accessed at the following this link
Please include these citations if you plan to use this library:
@software{nguyen_van_thieu_2023_8249046,
author = {Nguyen Van Thieu},
title = {IntelELM: A Python Framework for Intelligent Metaheuristic-based Extreme Learning Machine},
month = aug,
year = 2023,
publisher = {Zenodo},
doi = {10.5281/zenodo.8249045},
url = {https://github.com/thieu1995/IntelELM}
}

@article{nguyen2020new,
title={A new workload prediction model using extreme learning machine and enhanced tug of war optimization},
author={Nguyen, Thieu and Hoang, Bao and Nguyen, Giang and Nguyen, Binh Minh},
journal={Procedia Computer Science},
volume={170},
pages={362--369},
year={2020},
publisher={Elsevier},
doi={10.1016/j.procs.2020.03.063}
}

@article{van2023mealpy,
title={MEALPY: An open-source library for latest meta-heuristic algorithms in Python},
author={Van Thieu, Nguyen and Mirjalili, Seyedali},
journal={Journal of Systems Architecture},
year={2023},
publisher={Elsevier},
doi={10.1016/j.sysarc.2023.102871}
}

Installation

Install the current PyPI release:

$ pip install intelelm

After installation, you can check the version of current installed IntelELM by:
$ python
>>> import intelelm
>>> intelelm.__version__

Tutorials

Tutorials can be found inside tutorials directory.

Building a handwritten digits classifier using IntelELM
Building a house price predictor using IntelELM

Examples

In this section, we will explore the usage of the IntelELM model with the assistance of a dataset. While all the
preprocessing steps mentioned below can be replicated using Scikit-Learn, we have implemented some utility functions
to provide users with convenience and faster usage.

### Step 1: Importing the libraries
from intelelm import ElmRegressor, ElmClassifier, MhaElmRegressor, MhaElmClassifier, get_dataset

#### Step 2: Reading the dataset
data = get_dataset("aniso")

#### Step 3: Next, split dataset into train and test set
data.split_train_test(test_size=0.2, shuffle=True, random_state=100)

#### Step 4: Feature Scaling
data.X_train, scaler_X = data.scale(data.X_train, scaling_methods=("standard", "minmax"))
data.X_test = scaler_X.transform(data.X_test)

data.y_train, scaler_y = data.encode_label(data.y_train) # This is for classification problem only
data.y_test = scaler_y.transform(data.y_test)

#### Step 5: Fitting ELM-based model to the dataset

##### 5.1: Use standard ELM model for regression problem
regressor = ElmRegressor(hidden_size=10, act_name="relu", seed=42)
regressor.fit(data.X_train, data.y_train)

##### 5.2: Use standard ELM model for classification problem
classifer = ElmClassifier(hidden_size=10, act_name="tanh", seed=42)
classifer.fit(data.X_train, data.y_train)

##### 5.3: Use Metaheuristic-based ELM model for regression problem
print(MhaElmClassifier.SUPPORTED_OPTIMIZERS)
print(MhaElmClassifier.SUPPORTED_REG_OBJECTIVES)
opt_paras = {"name": "GA", "epoch": 10, "pop_size": 30}
regressor = MhaElmRegressor(hidden_size=10, act_name="elu", obj_name="RMSE",
optimizer="BaseGA", optimizer_paras=opt_paras, seed=42)
regressor.fit(data.X_train, data.y_train)

##### 5.4: Use Metaheuristic-based ELM model for classification problem
print(MhaElmClassifier.SUPPORTED_OPTIMIZERS)
print(MhaElmClassifier.SUPPORTED_CLS_OBJECTIVES)
opt_paras = {"name": "GA", "epoch": 10, "pop_size": 30}
classifier = MhaElmClassifier(hidden_size=10, act_name="elu", obj_name="KLDL",
optimizer="BaseGA", optimizer_paras=opt_paras, seed=42)
classifier.fit(data.X_train, data.y_train)

#### Step 6: Predicting a new result
y_pred = regressor.predict(data.X_test)

y_pred_cls = classifier.predict(data.X_test)
y_pred_label = scaler_y.inverse_transform(y_pred_cls)

#### Step 7: Calculate metrics using score or scores functions.
print("Try my AS metric with score function")
print(regressor.score(data.X_test, data.y_test, method="AS"))

print("Try my multiple metrics with scores function")
print(classifier.scores(data.X_test, data.y_test, list_methods=["AS", "PS", "F1S", "CEL", "BSL"]))

print("Try my evaluate functions")
print(regressor.evaluate(data.y_test, y_pred, list_metrics=("RMSE", "MAE", "MAPE", "NSE", "R2")))

#### Save results
regressor.save_loss_train(save_path="history", filename="loss_train.csv")
regressor.save_metrics(data.y_test, y_pred, list_metrics=("R2", "MAPE", "MAE", "MSE"), save_path="history", filename="metrics.csv")

A real-world dataset contains features that vary in magnitudes, units, and range. We would suggest performing
normalization when the scale of a feature is irrelevant or misleading. Feature Scaling basically helps to normalize
the data within a particular range.

Where do I find the supported metrics like above ["AS", "PS", "RS"]. What is that?
You can find it here: https://github.com/thieu1995/permetrics or use this

from intelelm import MhaElmClassifier, MhaElmRegressor

print(MhaElmRegressor.SUPPORTED_REG_OBJECTIVES)
print(MhaElmClassifier.SUPPORTED_CLS_OBJECTIVES)

I got this type of error

raise ValueError("Existed at least one new label in y_pred.")
ValueError: Existed at least one new label in y_pred.

How to solve this?

This occurs only when you are working on a classification problem with a small dataset that has many classes. For
instance, the "Zoo" dataset contains only 101 samples, but it has 7 classes. If you split the dataset into a
training and testing set with a ratio of around 80% - 20%, there is a chance that one or more classes may appear
in the testing set but not in the training set. As a result, when you calculate the performance metrics, you may
encounter this error. You cannot predict or assign new data to a new label because you have no knowledge about the
new label. There are several solutions to this problem.

1st: Use the SMOTE method to address imbalanced data and ensure that all classes have the same number of samples.

import pandas as pd
from imblearn.over_sampling import SMOTE
from intelelm import Data

dataset = pd.read_csv('examples/dataset.csv', index_col=0).values
X, y = dataset[:, 0:-1], dataset[:, -1]

X_new, y_new = SMOTE().fit_resample(X, y)
data = Data(X_new, y_new)

2nd: Use different random_state numbers in split_train_test() function.

import pandas as pd
from intelelm import Data

dataset = pd.read_csv('examples/dataset.csv', index_col=0).values
X, y = dataset[:, 0:-1], dataset[:, -1]
data = Data(X, y)
data.split_train_test(test_size=0.2, random_state=10) # Try different random_state value

When testing several algorithms based on Extreme Learning Machines (ELM), they all produce the same results.
Even during the training process, the global best solution remains unchanged.

This issue was identified in version <= v1.0.2 when the default values for the lower bound (lb) and upper bound
(ub) were set in the narrow range of (-1, 1). This limited range proved to be too small, causing all algorithms to
converge to local optima. Fortunately, this problem has been addressed in versions > v1.0.3, where the default
range has been extended to (-10., 10.). You also can define your own lb and ub ranges depend on your problem.
In traditional neural network like MLP, they weights (weights + biases) are typically initialized within the range
of (-1., 1.). However, during training using gradient-based methods, these values are updated, and there are no
strict bounds on them.
Meanwhile, in metaheuristic optimization, it's necessary to set boundaries for decision variables (weights) each
time a new search agent is formed. Therefore, if you define a narrow range, your optimizer may converge more
quickly, but it's more likely to get stuck in local optima (which explains why the global best value remains
unchanged during training). Moreover, in some cases, there might not even be a global optimum within that narrow
range. Conversely, if you set a wider range, the optimization process may be slower, and the global best value may
change more gradually. In such cases, you might need to increase the number of epochs, perhaps up to 1000, for the
optimizer to explore the solution space thoroughly.

opt_paras = {"name": "GA", "epoch": 30, "pop_size": 30}
model = MhaElmClassifier(hidden_size=10, act_name="elu", obj_name="KLDL", optimizer="BaseGA",
optimizer_paras=opt_paras, verbose=True, seed=42)
model.fit(X_train, y_train, lb=(-10., ), ub=(10., ))
y_pred = model.predict(X_test)

Support (questions, problems)
Official Links

Official source code repo: https://github.com/thieu1995/intelelm

Official document: https://intelelm.readthedocs.io/

Download releases: https://pypi.org/project/intelelm/

Issue tracker: https://github.com/thieu1995/intelelm/issues

Notable changes log: https://github.com/thieu1995/intelelm/blob/master/ChangeLog.md

Official chat group: https://t.me/+fRVCJGuGJg1mNDg1

This project also related to our another projects which are "optimization" and "machine learning", check it here:

https://github.com/thieu1995/mealpy
https://github.com/thieu1995/metaheuristics
https://github.com/thieu1995/opfunu
https://github.com/thieu1995/enoppy
https://github.com/thieu1995/permetrics
https://github.com/thieu1995/MetaCluster
https://github.com/thieu1995/pfevaluator
https://github.com/aiir-team

Related Documents

https://analyticsindiamag.com/a-beginners-guide-to-extreme-learning-machine/
https://medium.datadriveninvestor.com/extreme-learning-machine-for-simple-classification-e776ad797a3c
https://www.extreme-learning-machines.org/
https://web.njit.edu/~usman/courses/cs675_fall20/ELM-NC-2006.pdf
https://m-clark.github.io/models-by-example/elm.html
https://github.com/ivallesp/simplestELM
https://www.javatpoint.com/elm-in-machine-learning