python-opsramp 3.4.1

Description:

pythonopsramp 3.4.1

python-opsramp
A Python language binding for the OpsRamp API
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About
This directory tree contains a Python 3 module that provides a convenient way to
access the OpsRamp REST API programmatically. The OpsRamp API documentation is
somewhat opaque and this binding hides some of the details for exactly that reason.
I have also added "assert" statements in various places to guard against pitfalls
that I ran into that are not obvious from the API docs.
Build
This repo includes standard Python packaging using pyproject.toml and setuptools.
Source and wheel distributions can be built using python3 -m build in the usual way.
Scope
The basic framework of this library is in place and the
scope has increased incrementally over time. The supplied samples
exercise most of the main API sections and are described
later in this document.
Note however that all of our wrapper objects also provide an api property that
can be used to access REST URLs further down the API tree
where we have not written a specific wrapper class yet.
While you can use these api objects to work directly with OpsRamp at a REST level,
please consider taking the small amount of time needed to add a proper wrapper class
here instead, for your own benefit and that of future users.
Return values
All functions in this binding return regular Python objects (not JSON strings).
In general you will need to look at the OpsRamp API docs to see exactly what
sort of object and/fields the response will contain; typically we return exactly
what the API gave us, or an equivalent Python object if it returned JSON.
Public Object Tree
Following is a summary of the object tree currently available in this OpsRamp language binding. See
the "Samples" section later in this document for an illustration of how to use them.
You start by calling opsramp.binding.connect()
which returns a single "OpsRamp" object to represent the entire REST API instance
that you want to access, and make a series of calls that return progressively lower level objects to access
lower level information from OpsRamp. For clarity in these end-user instructions I have omitted several Python
classes that are internal implementation detail in the module and not intended for direct use by external callers.
Here's an illustration of a simple use of the binding. See the Samples section for more detailed ones.
import opsramp.binding

ormp = opsramp.binding.connect(OPSRAMP_URL, KEY, SECRET)
cfg = ormp.config()
print('alert types', cfg.get_alert_types())
print('timezones', cfg.get_timezones())

Class diagram
This diagram is an overview of the public classes and their relationship to each other.
The individual classes are described in detail in the following section. This diagram
was produced using Graphviz apt-get install graphviz
and to edit it you need to modify the
source file classes.dot and regenerate the PNG from that.
dot -Tpng < classes.dot > classes.png

I have used color to highlight the subset of classes that implement a "create" method.
Class definitions
import opsramp.binding

def connect(url, key, secret) returns an instance of the class Opsramp that is connected to the specified API endpoint
This function posts a login request to the specified endpoint URL using the key and secret given. This post
returns an access token, which the function uses to construct an Opsramp object and returns that.
class Opsramp(url, token) an object representing the complete API tree of one OpsRamp instance

config() -> returns a GlobalConfig object that can be used to access global settings for this OpsRamp instance.
tenant(uuid) -> returns a Tenant object representing the API subtree for one specific tenant.
metrics() -> returns a MetricsApi object that can be used to access the raw metrics api of this OpsRamp instance.



import opsramp.globalconfig

class GlobalConfig() read-only access to global settings on this OpsRamp instance

get_alert_types() -> returns a list of the global alert types that are defined on this OpsRamp instance.
get_channels() -> returns a list of the "channels" that are defined on this OpsRamp instance. See the OpsRamp docs for details.
get_countries() -> a list of dicts each describing one country known to this OpsRamp instance.
get_timezones() -> a list of dicts each describing one timezone known to this OpsRamp instance.
get_alert_technologies() -> a list of dicts each describing one alert technology known to this OpsRamp instance.
get_nocs() -> a list of dicts each describing one NOC known to this OpsRamp instance.
get_device_types() -> a list of dicts each describing device type known to this OpsRamp instance.



import opsramp.metrics

class MetricsApi() the metrics API subtree for this OpsRamp instance

get(pattern) -> returns metric definitions or time series values, depending on the pattern.
This a raw interface to the GET portions of the OpsRamp metrics API and you should consult the OpsRamp
documentation for the syntax that is permitted in pattern.
search(pattern) -> returns metric time series values matching the pattern. These patterns
can be quite complex and you should refer to the OpsRamp API documentation for the syntax.



import opsramp.tenant

class Tenant(uuid) the API subtree for one specific tenant

get_alert_script() -> Returns a string containing the appropriate Python script to run on a Linux node
to install the OpsRamp agent there and connect it to this Tenant. This text contains the tenant's access keys
so think twice before printing it to the screen or logs.
integrations() -> returns an Integrations object representing all integrations on this Tenant.
rba() -> returns an Rba object representing all runbook automation information for this Tenant.
monitoring() -> returns a Monitoring object representing all monitoring information for this Tenant.
policies() -> returns a Policies object representing the device management policies on this Tenant.
clients() -> returns a Clients object representing all OpsRamp clients on this Tenant. Note that
this is only valid for MSP-level tenants because an OpsRamp client cannot contain other clients.
discovery() -> returns a Discovery object representing all OpsRamp Discovery profiles for this Tenant.
credential_sets() -> returns a Credential set object representing all OpsRamp Discovery profiles for this Tenant.
permission_sets() -> returns a PermissionSets object representing all OpsRamp RBAC permission sets for this Tenant.
roles() -> returns a Roles object representing all OpsRamp RBAC roles for this Tenant.
escalations() -> returns an Escalations object representing the Alert Escalation Policies of this Tenant.
mgmt_profiles() -> returns a Profiles object representing the Management Profiles of this Tenant. These are used
to connect OpsRamp gateway node to the SaaS.
sites() -> returns a Sites object. Sites are used to organize devices based on location.
service_maps() -> returns a ServiceMaps object. Service maps are used to create directed graphs of dependencies
that are used in the OpsRamp UI to present human-readable graphs of the impact of service failures on each other.
kb() -> returns a KnowledgeBase object. These are used to organize
knowledge base articles and categories related to this tenant.
resources() -> returns a Resources object representing all OpsRamp resources on this Tenant
first_response() -> returns an First_Response object representing the Alert First Response Policies of this Tenant



import opsramp.service_maps

class ServiceMaps() the ServiceMaps that are defined for this specific Tenant

create(definition) -> Creates a new service map in this Tenant. "definition" is a Python dict.
update(uuid, definition) -> Updates an existing service map
delete(uuid) -> Deletes an existing service map
get(uuid=None, minimal=False) -> returns a list of dicts, each one containing details for one service map.



import opsramp.roles


class PermissionSets() the RBAC permission sets that are defined for this specific Tenant

search(pattern) -> returns a list of dicts, each containing a single description.



class Roles() the subtree of RBAC roles that are defined for this specific Tenant

create(definition) -> Creates a new RBAC role in this Tenant. "definition" is a Python dict.
update(uuid, definition) -> Updates an existing role.
delete(uuid) -> Deletes an existing role.
search(pattern) -> returns a list of dicts, each containing a single role description.



import opsramp.sites

class Sites() the subtree of Sites that are defined for this specific Tenant

create(definition) -> Creates a new site in this Tenant. "definition" is a Python dict.
update(uuid, definition) -> Updates an existing site
delete(uuid) -> Deletes an existing site
search(pattern) -> returns a list of dicts, each containing a single site.
get() -> returns a list of dicts, each one containing minimal details for one site.



import opsramp.monitoring


class Monitoring() the monitoring information subtree for one specific Tenant

templates() -> returns a Templates object representing the set of monitoring templates on this Tenant.



class Templates() the set of monitoring templates for one Tenant

search(pattern) -> returns a list of templates that match the pattern. See the OpsRamp API docs for details
on the format of the pattern string.



import opsramp.rba


class Rba() the runbook automation subtree of one specific Tenant

categories() -> the subtree containing the RBA categories of this Tenant



class Categories() the subtree for the RBA categories of one specific Tenant

get() -> Return a list of all the script categories in this Tenant RBA subtree.
get(uuid) -> returns the definition of one specific category as a Python dict.
See the OpsRamp API docs for detailed contents of these dicts.
create(name, optional parent_uuid) -> creates a new category on this Tenant and
returns its uuid. Optionally takes the uuid of a pre-existing category under which to nest the new one.
category(uuid) -> returns a Category object representing the API subtree for one specific category.
update(uuid, definition) -> Updates an existing category
delete(uuid) -> Deletes an existing category



class Category() the subtree for one RBA category

get() -> returns a list of the scripts in this category.
get(uuid) -> returns the definition of one specific script as a Python dict.
See the OpsRamp API docs for detailed contents of these dicts.
create(definition) -> creates a new script in this category. "definition" is a Python dict
specifying details of the script to be created. The content of these structs is complex so helper
functions for creating them are provided below.
@staticmethod mkParameter(name, description, datatype, optional=False, default=None) -> helper function that returns a
Python dict describing one parameter of a proposed new script.
@staticmethod mkScript(name, description, platforms, execution_type, payload=None, payload_file=None, parameters=[], script_name=None, install_timeout=0, registry_path=None, registry_value=None, process_name=None, service_name=None, output_directory=None, output_file=None) -> helper function that returns
a Python dict describing a proposed new script. There are lots of optional arguments because these structs
have variable content depending on the type of script and also some are only applicable on Linux, some only on Windows.
The function contains assert statements to flag violations of (some of) those rules.
I may add another layer of helpers later that are more specificially targetted (like "mkPythonLinuxScript" for example)
and implement those by calling mkScript() internally with appropriate arguments.
update(uuid, definition) -> Updates an existing script in this category given the uuid of the script.The Python dict, "definition" is similar to the one used for create call and the helper functions used for create can be used for update too.



import opsramp.msp

class Clients() the subtree containing all clients of this MSP-level tenant
An OpsRamp client cannot contain other clients so this is class is only useful with MSP-level tenants.

get() -> returns a list of dicts, each one containing minimal details for one client. It's worth
noting that the main ID field in the objects that get returned is called uniqueId and this is the
value you need to use everywhere in this binding that a client ID is required.
get(uuid) -> returns the definition of one specific client as a Python dict.
See the OpsRamp API docs for detailed contents of these dicts.
search(self, pattern='') -> returns a list of client ids matching the specified search pattern, the format of
which is described in the OpsRamp documentation.
create(definition) -> creates a new Client in this Tenant. "definition" is a Python dict
specifying details of the client to be created.
The content of these structs is complex so helper functions for creating them are provided below.
update(uuid, definition) -> "definition" is a Python dict specifying the changes to be made to this client.
The contents are described in the OpsRamp docs and helper functions for creating these dicts are provided here.
activate(uuid) -> marks the client as "active" in OpsRamp.
suspend(uuid) -> marks the client as "suspended" in OpsRamp. This takes 10+ seconds to run.
terminate(uuid) -> terminates the client in OpsRamp. The API docs say that this call deletes the client but in
reality it just goes onto an "inactive" list that is retrievable through the API and visible in the UI. OpsRamp
say that clients on the inactive list will get garbage collected eventually, but I couldn't get clarity on
how long "eventually" is.
@staticmethod mkHours(day_start=datetime.time(9, 0),
day_end=datetime.time(17, 0),
week_start=2, week_end=6,
sms_voice_notification=False) -> returns a dict that can be used to define
customer working and opening hours in OpsRamp.
@staticmethod mkClient(name, address, time_zone, country, hours=None) -> returns a dict that can be
used to create a new client.



import opsramp.devmgmt


class Policies() the policies subtree of one specific Tenant

get() -> returns a list of dicts, each containing a single policy definition.
get(uuid) -> returns the definition of one specific policy as a Python dict.
See the OpsRamp API docs for detailed contents of these dicts.
search(pattern) -> Search for a policy with a specific name. The syntax is defined in the OpsRamp docs.
create(definition) -> creates a new policy in this Tenant. "definition" is a Python dict
specifying details of the policy to be created.
The contents are described in the OpsRamp docs and helper functions for creating these dicts are provided here.
update(uuid, definition) -> Updates an existing policy.
"definition" is a Python dict specifying the changes to be made.
The contents are described in the OpsRamp docs and helper functions for creating these dicts are provided here.
run(uuid) -> sends a request to the OpsRamp server to run this policy now. The actual run is asynchronous.
delete(uuid) -> deletes this policy from the OpsRamp server.



class Discovery() the discovery profile subtree of one specific Tenant

search(pattern) -> returns a list of dicts, each containing a single discovery profile.
create(definition) -> Creates a new discovery profile in this Tenant. "definition" is a Python dict.
update(definition) -> Updates an existing discovery profile.
rescan(discoveryProfileId) -> Causes a discovery profile to run.
delete(discoveryProfileId) -> Deletes this discovery profile.



class CredentialSets() the Credential set subtree of one specific Tenant

get(credentialSetId, minimal) -> Returns a Credential set definition.
create(definition) -> Creates a new Credential set in this Tenant.
update(credentialSetId, definition) -> Update an existing Credential set.
delete(credentialSetId) -> Delete a Credential set.



import opsramp.integrations


class Integrations() the integrations subtree of one specific Tenant

itypes() -> Returns a Types object describing all the types
of integrations that are available to be installed on this Tenant. Each
represents a category like CUSTOM, AZURE, rather than specific instances
of those.
instances() -> Returns an Instances object representing all the actual
instances of integrations that are installed on this Tenant.
available() -> A synonym for "types()" that I included because that's
the name of the API endpoint in OpsRamp that returns this set of data.
It took a while to figure out what the returned data means though,
so we went with the more obvious name "types" here instead.
installed() -> A synonym for "instances()" that I included because that's
the name of the API endpoint in OpsRamp that returns this set of data.
It took a while to figure out what the returned data means though,
so we went with the more obvious name "instances" here instead.



class Types() a set of integration types

get() -> returns a list of dicts, each containing a single integration type.
get(uuid) -> returns the definition of one specific type as a Python dict.
search(pattern) -> Search for an integration type with a specific name or
other attributes. The syntax of the pattern is defined in the OpsRamp docs.
Returns a list of type definition dicts.



class Instances() the actual integration instances on one specific Tenant

get() -> returns a list of dicts, each containing a single integration instance.
get(uuid) -> returns the definition of one specific integration instance as a Python dict.
search(pattern) -> Search for existing integration instances with specific name or
other attributes. The syntax of the pattern is defined in the OpsRamp docs.
Returns a list of instance definition dicts.
create(type_name, definition) -> creates a new instance of a specific
integration type on this Tenant. "definition" is a Python dict specifying
details of the integration instance that is to be created.
The contents are described in the OpsRamp docs and helper functions for creating these dicts are provided here.
update(definition) -> "definition" is a Python dict specifying the changes
to be made to this instance. The contents are described in the OpsRamp docs
and helper functions to construct them exist in the Integrations class.
get_kubernetes_configuration(uuid) -> Returns the content of the Kubernetes
configuation file for a given integration as a string. Raises an exception if
that concept has no meaning for the type of integration specified.
set_auth_type(self, auth_type) -> sets the authentication type for this
integration to one of "OAUTH2", "WEBHOOK", "BASIC" and returns a dict that
contains the keys etc that are needed to connect to this integration using
that auth method. Note that OAUTH2 secret values are redacted by default in
the API response.
enable(uuid) -> marks a specific instance as "enabled" in OpsRamp.
disable(uuid) -> marks a specific instance as "disabled" in OpsRamp.
notifier(uuid, definition) -> configures a notifier on one specific instance.
"definition" is a Python dict specifying details of the new configuration.
The syntax is defined in the OpsRamp docs. Helper functions for creating
these dicts will be added later.
@staticmethod mkEmailAlert(display_name, logo_fname=None) ->
helper function that returns a Python dict suitable for creating or updating
an integration instance of type EMAILALERT.
@staticmethod mkCustom(display_name, logo_fname=None, parent_uuid=None, inbound_auth_type=None) ->
helper function that returns a Python dict suitable for creating or updating
an integration instance of type CUSTOM.
@staticmethod mkAzureARM(display_name, arm_subscription_id,
arm_tenant_id, arm_client_id, arm_secret_key) ->
helper function that returns a Python dict suitable for creating or updating
an integration instance of type AZUREARM. Note that ARM and ASM integrations
are different and each has its own helper function.
@staticmethod mkAzureASM(display_name, arm_subscription_id,
arm_mgmt_cert, arm_keystore_pass) ->
helper function that returns a Python dict suitable for creating or updating
an integration instance of type AZUREASM. Note that ARM and ASM integrations
are different and each has its own helper function.



class Escalations() the subtree of Alert Escalation Policies that are defined for this specific Tenant

create(definition) -> Creates a new escalation policy in this Tenant. "definition" is a Python dict.
update(uuid, definition) -> Updates an existing escalation policy.
delete(uuid) -> Deletes an existing escalation policy.
search(pattern) -> returns a list of dicts, each containing a single policy.
enable(uuid) -> marks a specific instance as "enabled" in OpsRamp.
disable(uuid) -> marks a specific instance as "disabled" in OpsRamp.



class Profiles() the subtree of Management Profiles that are defined for this specific Tenant

create(definition) -> Creates a new mgmt profile in this Tenant. "definition" is a Python dict.
update(uuid, definition) -> Updates an existing mgmt profile.
delete(uuid) -> Deletes an existing mgmt profile.
search(pattern) -> returns a list of dicts, each containing a single profile.
attach(uuid) -> This is used to attach OpsRamp Gateway and returns an activation token.
detach(uuid) -> Detach the existing gateway and invalidate its activation token.
reconnect(uuid) -> Error recovery should happen automatically but this can be called
to "do it now". It's unclear at this time in what circumstances this would be used.



class KnowledgeBase() the subtree of knowledge base that is defined for this specific Tenant

categories() -> Returns a KBcategories object representing the knowledge base
categories for this tenant.
articles() -> Returns a KBarticles object representing the knowledge base
articles for this tenant.
templates() -> Returns a KBtemplates object representing the knowledge base
templates for this tenant.



class First_Response() the subtree of Alert First Response Policies that are defined for this specific Tenant

create(definition) -> Creates a new first response policy in this Tenant. "definition" is a Python dict.
policy_detail(uuid) -> returns the detaail for a specific first response policy
update(uuid, definition) -> Updates an existing first response policy.
delete(uuid) -> Deletes an existing first response policy.
search(pattern) -> returns a list of dicts, each containing in a client.
enable(uuid) -> marks a specific instance as "enabled" in OpsRamp.
disable(uuid) -> marks a specific instance as "disabled" in OpsRamp.



class KBcategories() the subtree of knowledge base categories for this specific Tenant

create(definition) -> creates a KB category.
update(uuid, definition) -> updates an existing KB category.
delete(uuid) -> deletes an existing KB category.
search(pattern) -> searches for categories matching a pattern.
children(uuid) -> returns a list of the child categories of uuid.
restore(uuid) -> undeletes category uuid (if it has not been
garbage collected yet).



class KBarticles() the subtree of knowledge base articles for this specific Tenant

create(definition) -> creates a KB article.
update(uuid, definition) -> updates an existing KB article.
delete(uuid) -> deletes an existing KB article.
search(pattern) -> searches for articles matching a pattern.
share(uuid) -> marks article uuid as "shared" I don't know what that means
comments(uuid) -> returns a list of the comments on article uuid.



class KBtemplates() the subtree of knowledge base templates for this specific Tenant

create(definition) -> creates a KB template.
update(uuid, definition) -> updates an existing KB template.
delete(uuid) -> deletes an existing KB template.
search(pattern) -> searches for templates matching a pattern.



import opsramp.resources

class Resources() the subtree of Resources that are defined for this specific Tenant

create(definition) -> Creates a new resource in this Tenant. "definition" is a Python dict.
update(uuid, definition) -> updates an existing resource.
delete(uuid) -> deletes an existing resource.
search(pattern) -> searches for resources matching a pattern.
minimal(pattern) -> similar to search but returns minimal details about each resource to
improve performance and reduce runtime. This appears to work only on OpsRamp clients.
applications(uuid) -> This endpoint is used to fetch list of applications running on a resource.
availability(uuid, start_epoch, end_epoch) -> fetch the availability details of a resource
within a specific time frame. The times are Unix epoch timestamps.



Samples and examples
The samples subdirectory contains a series of short Python scripts illustrating
the use of most of the major API sections that we cover. These are supposed to be
self-explanatory so I will not document them in detail here. If any of the samples
are not obvious then please submit a PR that adds comments to the appropriate
source file explaining how it works, as an aid to other users.
All of the samples expect to be run as modules, like this:
ls -l samples/*.py
python3 -m samples.timezone_list
python3 -m samples.integration_list
python3 -m samples.category_list
python3 -m samples.client_list
... etc ...

OpsRamp credentials
Each of the samples depends on the existence of some environment variables to tell it which OpsRamp
endpoint to use and the relevant creds. You can see those at the top of timezones.py
for example, and you must set them appropriately in your environment before running it.
export OPSRAMP_URL='https://my-org.api.try.opsramp.com'
export OPSRAMP_TENANT_ID='client_1234'
export OPSRAMP_KEY='whatever'
export OPSRAMP_SECRET='whatever'

The tenant id, key and secret are obtained from an "integration" in the OpsRamp UI.
You need to go to "setup", "integrations" and look for (or create) a row containing
a custom integration that uses OAUTH2. It doesn't matter what it's called, you just
need its id and creds to call the REST API.
On the list of integrations, click on the integration name in the appropriate row
and a screen appears with the "Tenant Id", "Key" and "Secret" fields that you need.
The UI even gives sample curl commands at the bottom and you can cut the URL value
out of those if it's not obvious. It's just the bit as far as opsramp.com like the
example above.
It's not obvious, but the creds you're getting here are for the entire Tenant
(aka client) and will be the same for all integrations on that Tenant. Be careful
with them, don't put them in logs or post them online by accident.
If there isn't a suitable integration already (or you want your own) then create a new
one by selecting the "other" tab in the Available Integrations section at the bottom
of the page and then "custom". Give it a name and leave the image file field blank.
The name will appear in access logs but otherwise has no real meaning. Select OAUTH2
as the authentication type and hit Save. This will bring you to the screen with keys
and curl commands etc as described above.
examples.py
The file examples.py collects together a series of examples and illustrates most of
the major areas of the API that we cover. It uses the same environment variables as
the samples to tell it which OpsRamp tenant to examine.
python3 -m opsramp.examples
Simple CLI prototype
I wrote a simple Python program that uses this binding to perform some simple
read-only operations on OpsRamp. Uses the same environment variables as above.
$ python3 -m opsramp.cli tenant rba categories | jq -S .
[
{
"id": 346,
"name": "Day to day actions"
},
{
"id": 698,
"name": "DR procedures"
}
]
$ python3 -m opsramp.cli tenant monitoring templates
538 monitoring templates found
$ python3 -m opsramp.cli tenant agent script | wc -l
763
$

The API objects and direct REST calls
If we don't have a class that exposes the piece of the API that you want to use, then you can use the ApiObject base
class to make REST calls to that part directly while still using the correct wrapper classes for everything else.
The general approach would be to navigate to the nearest object for which we do have a wrapper and use its api property
to get an instance of the ApiObject class that you can then use to make direct REST calls to the tree below that point.
This still has an advantage over raw curl or "requests" calls because the enclosing object class will have set up the
URLs and access tokens for you.
API object example
monitoring_api = ormp.tenant('client_9234').monitoring().api
result = monitoring_api.get('/templates')
print(result)

This uses a REST get() to retrieve the list of templates directly from OpsRamp, by starting from the api object
of a Monitoring object. The Monitoring object will have already done all the work to set up the correct tenant,
credentials and other context for that call so it's still much easier than making httplib, requests or curl
calls yourself.

ApiObject() an object representing some subtree of a REST API

get(suffix='', headers={}) -> performs a GET to the specified REST endpoint and returns the body of the
server's reply. "headers" is an optional dict containing any additional HTTP headers that you want to send
with the GET.
post(suffix='', headers={}, data=None, json=None) -> performs a POST to the specified REST endpoint and
returns the body of the server's reply. "headers" is an optional dict containing any additional HTTP headers
that you want to send, "data" is the text body, or "json" is a Python struct to be converted to a JSON
string and sent as a body. Specifying both "data" and "json" in the same call results in undefined behavior
and should be avoided.
put(suffix='', headers={}, data=None, json=None) -> performs a PUT to the specified REST endpoint and
returns the body of the server's reply. "headers" is an optional dict containing any additional HTTP headers
that you want to send, "data" is the text body, or "json" is a Python struct to be converted to a JSON
string and sent as a body. Specifying both "data" and "json" in the same call results in undefined behavior
and should be avoided.
delete(suffix='', headers={}) -> performs a DELETE to the specified REST endpoint and returns the body of
the server's reply. "headers" is an optional dict containing any additional HTTP headers that you want to send.
patch(suffix='', headers={}, data=None, json=None) -> performs a PATCH to the specified REST endpoint and
returns the body of the server's reply. "headers" is an optional dict containing any additional HTTP headers
that you want to send, "data" is the text body, or "json" is a Python struct to be converted to a JSON
string and sent as a body. Specifying both "data" and "json" in the same call results in undefined behavior
and should be avoided.
we will add other http actions if/when a specific need for them arises